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The Color of Death: Legacy of Agent Orange Still Plagues Vietnam After Decades of Peace_我的网站

一 | 　　山东省住房和城乡建设厅等12部门近日联合印发《关于深化小城镇创新提升行动的意见》。

二 | On August 10, 1961, American forces for the first time spayed Agent Orange in Vietnam as part of its herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand.,Here’s a closer look into this highly toxic defoliant chemical, the use of which by the US military during the 1955-1975 Vietnam War resulted in up to one million people being disabled, according to the Red Cross of Vietnam’s estimates.,What is Agent Orange?,The defoliant derived its name from the color of the orange-striped US gallon barrels in which the chemical was shipped and stored.,It was created in 1940 and used in the United States as an agricultural defoliant, as it had the ability to kill some plants while leaving others unaffected.,Using the Defense Production Act of 1950, the US government prodded several American companies to make Agent Orange for military use. A 50:50 mixture of the herbicides 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D, the defoliant contains an extremely toxic dioxin compound.,Effects of Agent Orange,A 50:50 mixture of the 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Agent Orange contains the Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, or TCDD, the most toxic of the dioxins, classified as a human carcinogen by the US Environmental Protection Agency.,Even short-term exposure to TCDD can cause cancer, liver problems and a severe acne-like skin disease, known as chloracne. The dioxin is also linked to type 2 diabetes, immune system dysfunction, nerve disorders, muscular dysfunction, hormone disruption and heart disease.,Additionally, the chemical can cause miscarriages, spina bifida and other problems with fetal brain and nervous system development.,Use of Agent Orange in Vietnam,During the 1955-1975 Vietnam war, the first US defoliation missions were launched near the Vietnamese village of Dak To in 1961.,The goal was to remove cover and concealment used by the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army, so as to reveal hidden bases, communications centers and potential targets, and to improve visibility in tracking troop movements.,More than 13 million gallons (about 59 million liters) of Agent Orange was used by the US military in Vietnam, or almost two-thirds of the total amount of herbicides used during the entire Vietnam War.,The chemical was available in slightly different mixtures, sometimes referred to as Agent Orange I, Agent Orange II, Agent Orange III and “Super Orange”.,End of Agent Orange?,In 1969, the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) urged the Pentagon to end its use of herbicides containing dioxin, specifically Agent Orange, something that the Department of Defense (DoD) eventually did.,Even so, the defoliation campaign continued, with the US military switching to Agent White, a chemical herbicide that did not contain the dioxin contaminant.,In May 1970, the US Air Force (USAF) flew its last defoliation mission, and almost a year later, the DoD announced that all crop destruction missions would also cease.,The remaining 2.22 million gallons of Agent Orange were moved by the USAF to Johnston Island Atoll in the South Pacific, where they were incinerated.,Legacy,The Vietnamese government said that up to four million people in the country were exposed to Agent Orange, and as many as three million people had suffered illness because of the defoliant.,The Vietnam Red Cross in turn pointed out that the defoliant had affected at least 150,000 children, and that babies in Vietnam are still being born with birth defects due to Agent Orange. In this regard, numerous studies revealed that dioxin levels are still in place in the blood samples of the citizens of both North and South Vietnam.,The chemical also caused immense environmental damage in Vietnam, with more than 3,100,000 hectares (31,000 km2) of forest being defoliated ( for comparison's sake, Taiwan measures 36,197 km2).,Opinion & AnalysisAnniversary of Agent Orange Disaster: Only United Can We Relieve the Suffering of Many Generations10:21 GMT,Agent Orange-related issues also emerged in the US after an increasing number of returning Vietnam veterans and their families began to report a range of health problems, including skin irritations, miscarriages, psychological symptoms, type 2 diabetes, birth defects in children and cancers such as Hodgkin’s disease, prostate cancer and leukemia.,1979 saw a class action lawsuit filed on behalf of 2.4 million US veterans, who were exposed to Agent Orange during their service in Vietnam. In 1984, seven major US chemical companies that manufactured the defoliant agreed to pay $180 million in damages to the veterans or their next of kin.,Vietnam War,The 1955-1975 Vietnam War, which involved Laos and Cambodia, pitted communist North Vietnam and the Viet Cong revolutionary organization against South Vietnam, supported by Washington.,Preconditions for the war pertained to the desire of North Vietnam, which defeated the French colonial administration in 1954, to unify the entire country under a single communist authority, like in the Soviet Union or China. The South Vietnamese government, for its part, sought to preserve a Vietnam more closely aligned with the West.,The US was concerned over the spread of communism to South Vietnam and then to the rest of Asia, which prompted Washington to end money, supplies and military advisers to help the South Vietnamese government.,On August 2, 1964, North Vietnamese boats attacked a US Navy destroyer, the USS Maddox, patrolling in the Gulf of Tonkin near Vietnam, in what was used by the White House as a pretext to escalate the war and send American combat units to the South East Asian country. However, the US costs and casualties in the war prompted Washington to withdraw American troops by 1973, and a couple of years later, South Vietnam fell to a full-scale invasion by the North.,An array of war crimes was committed by the US military during the war, including the My Lai massacre, in which up to 504 unarmed South Vietnamese civilians, including women, children, and infants, were killed by US Army soldiers on March 16, 1968.,Another war crime pertains to Operation Speedy Express, conducted by the US Army in Vietnam’s Mekong Delta between December 1968 and May 1969 as part of the American military’s effort to pacify the Viet Cong. The operation led to 5,000 to 7,000 casualties who were reported to have been civilians.。作为“十五五”开局之年小城镇建设的纲领性文件，该意见在总结“十四五”100个试点镇创新提升经验的基础上，对深化行动作出系统部署。

三 | 　　新一轮遴选启动　　“十四五”试点镇不再重复申报　　“十四五”期间，山东省人民政府选取100个镇开展创新提升，取得了明显成效。为进一步深化小城镇创新提升行动，全面提升小城镇综合承载功能和辐射带动能力，《意见》提出，各设区市从辖区内建制镇中，通过自愿报名，按照不超过总数10%的比例，选择基础条件好、积极性高的镇开展创新提升。

四 | “十四五”期间已开展创新提升的镇，不再重复申报。好房子、百姓园林、一刻钟生活圈……山东12部门联合推动小城镇创新提升行动再深化　　四大提升方向锚定2030年目标　　根据《意见》，到2030年，全省小城镇经济实力持续增强，人居环境明显改善，绿色发展成效显现，安全韧性水平提升，数字化治理效能实现突破，成为推动乡村全面振兴、深化城乡融合发展、推进以人为本的新型城镇化的重要载体。围绕这一目标，部署了四大方面的重点任务：　　培育提升产业发展动能　　山东坚持把发展产业作为小城镇创新提升的核心引擎。

五 | 《意见》明确，卫星镇要深度融入中心城市产业链布局，积极承接先进制造、现代物流、研发中试等产业;县域次中心镇要着力集聚强化主导产业，推动产业链向高附加值环节延伸;特色专业镇要立足资源禀赋和传统优势，集中培育文旅康养、现代农业、农产品加工、手工文创等特色产业，打造“一镇一品”产业标识，形成差异化发展格局。　　同时，实施“强链、延链、补链”专项行动，建设一批小微企业园、科创产业园和“共富工坊”等，增强创新创业、就业吸纳和增收致富的承载能力，形成以产兴镇、以镇促产、镇村联动的发展格局。鼓励地理位置相邻、产业类型相近的小城镇推进产业片区化发展，探索建立跨镇利益协调与成本共担、产业项目协同流转、收益共享等机制。统筹产业布局与服务功能配套，打造产业邻里中心、创新服务综合体等载体，推行“园区事、园区办”，持续优化营商环境。　　聚力提升镇区空间品质　　围绕提升镇区空间品质，《意见》鼓励结合自然生态特色、地域人文特点等，建设符合小城镇居住需求的安全、舒适、绿色、智慧“好房子”，有条件的镇推进社区嵌入式服务设施建设，打造“一刻钟”便民生活圈。　　在综合环境治理方面，加强市政道路建设和维护修缮，整治违规占道经营、乱设摊点、车辆乱放等问题，推进空中线缆序化整治，完善镇区无障碍设施建设，提升居民出行便捷度与安全性。加强街头绿景、公园绿地等公共活动空间建设，打造“百姓园林”，构建镇园相融、干净整洁、生态宜居的镇区环境。　　在特色风貌塑造上，重点推进镇区出入口、主要街道、重要节点等的特色风貌建设，加强建筑形态引导，统筹建筑高度、体量、色彩、材质等要素，营造协调有序、独具特色的建筑界面。加强历史文化保护与传承，延续老镇区、老街巷的空间肌理，推动传统风貌与现代功能有机融合。鼓励有条件的镇实施镇区数字化建设，在供水、燃气、安防等重点领域探索物联网技术应用，增强设施运行监测与风险预警能力，提升镇区治理与服务智慧化水平。　　完善提升设施服务功能水平　　在基础设施方面，有序实施供水、供电、供气、通信等老旧管网、线缆更新改造，提升运行安全水平。加强镇村路网、公共交通等互联互通，提升镇区生活污水设施建设运营、生活垃圾收运处置水平，推动管道燃气向镇村覆盖，积极推进新能源充电桩、换电站等设施建设。　　在公共服务方面，深化紧密型县域医共体内涵建设，巩固完善管理体制和运行机制，持续推进人员、服务、技术、管理下沉，提升基层医疗服务能力。打造城乡教育共同体，通过集团化办学推动镇区优质教育资源向乡村延伸。推进乡镇区域性养老服务中心提档升级，完善日间照料中心、幸福院等设施。推进便民服务中心标准化、智能化升级，推行“就近办、上门办、帮代办”服务模式，提升群众办事便利度。支持产业大镇、强镇建设青年人才发展“微生态”。

六 | 　　在综合防灾减灾方面，优化镇区防灾空间布局，科学划定生态防护屏障、应急疏散通道和防灾留白空间。建设布局均衡的应急避难场所和消防配套设施，提升安全韧性和应急处置能力。

七 | 　　创新提升要素配置保障能力　　《意见》明确，指导开展创新提升行动的镇结合自身实际，制定小城镇创新提升实施方案。建立创新提升重点项目库，统筹存量与增量建设用地，保障项目用地需求。对符合条件的项目，在地方政府专项债券、超长期特别国债等资金申报时积极给予支持。开展镇银企对接活动，鼓励和引导金融机构创新金融产品和服务方式，加大信贷支持力度。建立小城镇创新提升专家团队，开展相关研究，提供智力支持。适时调整扩大经济规模大、人口增长快的特大镇经济社会管理权限。